پژوهشنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی
پیاپی 34 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Background & The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MCT1 T1470A polymorphism on the number of repetitions and the volume of resistance exercise in young athletes in endurance-semi-endurance and speed-strength sports. 49 trained young men [endurance semi-endurance group (21 n); strength-speed group (28 n)] entered the study with the inclusion criteria (178.57 91 8.91 cm, 75.34 37 13.37 kg, Year 45/5 ± 2/24). In five days, anthropometric indices were measured, sports tests (chest and squat press with 1RM 65%, 3 cycles, repetition to exhaustion and 90 seconds rest between periods) and blood sampling were performed. After DNA extraction from blood samples, ARMS-PCR method was used to determine the genotype of the samples. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests with a significance level of p≤0.05 to investigate the effect of different genotypes of MCT1T14701 polymorphism on the number of replications and volume of resistance exercise In examining the difference between the means of three genotypes AA, TT and AT, a significant difference was found between AA genotype and the other two genotypes (p=0.05) in the endurance-semi-endurance group in terms of volume of resistance chest press and the highest mean (323.85 ± 2209.00 kg in three periods) belonged to AA genotype. In terms number of repetitions, although the mean of subjects with AA genotype in both groups and for both chest and squat tests was higher than the other two genotypes, none of these differences were statistically significant The results of the study illustrated that endurance-semi-endurance athletes with A allele and AA genotype show a better function in the volume of resistance exercise in the pectoral girdle muscles as well as the upper limbs muscles in comparison to the athletes with T allele and TT and AT genotypes.

Background & Intense and prolonged physical exercise can lead to oxidative stress. Therefore, many supplements can prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term supplementation of caffeine-beet juice on antioxidants and exercise performance in endurance athletes.
This study was performed in a short-term, counterbalanced, double-blind, cross-over and randomized study that included 7-day supplementation-placebo. Ten male runners (age: 27.5±3.8, weight: 69.9±7.8, height: 176.7±7 were divided in: 1-placebo [PLB] (beetroot juice without nitrate); 2- low dose beetroot juice [BRJ] (140ml BJ+4.8mmol nitrate+200mg caffeine); 3- high dose BRJ [BRJX] (140ml beet juice+9.6mmol nitrate+400mg caffeine). These supplements were taken with 250ml of water twice a day. The Trials were performed during 8 days with 14 days washout. Exercise protocol included 5km running with maximal effort.
The results showed that BRJX supplementation caused a significant increase in antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) (p<0.05). Also, high and low doses of supplementation had a significant effect on endurance performance (p<0.05).
It can be concluded that high and low doses beetroot-caffeine juice supplementation has a beneficial effect on antioxidants enzymes and exercise performance in endurance athletes. Therefore, it is recommended to use this supplement before endurance exercise to prevent exercise-related oxidative damage and faster reduction of blood lactate and improve performance.

Background & One of the main problems of Down syndrome is cognitive impairment with problems in the nervous system. These problems partly are due to oxidative stress increases and reduce of brain-derived neurotrophic hormone (BDNF) in these people. Regular exercise with moderate intensity is effective in reduces of oxidative stress and improves BDNF levels; however, the effect of exercise on oxidative stress indexes and BDNF in people with Down syndrome is not well known. The present study was done to examine the effect of eight weeks spark training on malondialdehyde (MDA) and BDNF in boys with Down syndrome. In this quasi study, twenty boys with Down syndrome (aged 9-14 years old) and IQs 50 to 70, were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) or training group (n = 10). Participants in the training group were performed a selected SPARK program 3 sessions of 45 minutes per week for 8 weeks. Fasting blood Sample was taken before the intervention and 48h after last session of training. The results demonstrated that MDA concentration reduced significantly in the training group compare to the control group (P=0.002). Moreover, BDNF level was increased after eight weeks of SPARK program compare to the control group (P=0.02). No significant relationship was observed between changes of BDNF and MDA after the intervention (r= ‒ 0.18, P= 0.9). Generally, we can conclude that SPARK program caused an increase BDNF level and reduce MDA in boys with Down syndrome. Thus, performing of this program is introduced to improve oxidative stress in adolescents with Down syndrome.

Background & The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of volleyball specific training on different training Surfaces on some selected fitness factors and blood lactate response and muscle soreness after an acute exercise in volleyball boys. Thirty-six boy volleyball players (mean age, 16.11±0.82 years; height, 174±4.85 cm) were purposeful and random assigned to three equal groups of concrete, floor and san. At the pre-test phase and at the floor surface, blood lactate with lactometer before and immediately after acute exercise(10 x 10 vertical jump with one minute rest between set), and knee extensor muscle soreness were measured immediately, 24 and 48 hours after acute exercise with visual analogue scale (VAS). After six weeks of volleyball specific training on the concrete, floor and sand training surfaces, the post-test was performed just like the pre-test phase. The results showed significant decrease in lactate resting levels between the floor and sand groups compared to concrete and between the sand group as compared to the floor group (P=0.01). Lactate significantly decreased in response to the second acute exercise between the floor and sand groups compared to concrete (P=0.01). But there was no significant difference between the lactate reduction of the sand group and the floor (P=0.87). There was no significant difference between the three groups in muscle soreness immediately and 48 hours after a session of acute exercise (P=0.45). However, there was a significant difference between the concrete and sand groups in the reduction of muscle soreness 24 hours after an acute exercise session (P=0.01). But no significant reduction was observed between concrete and flooring (P=0.06) and sand and flooring (P=0.99). Six weeks of volleyball specific training on sand and floor surfaces compared to concrete surface decreased blood lactate and reduced muscle soreness in response to an acute exercise Session in volleyball players. As a result, it is better for teachers and coaches of physical education classrooms (volleyball) held in gymnasiums and, where possible, by constructing playgrounds with sandy surfaces.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a public world crisis. The host's immune response to the virus depends on factors such as genetics, age, physical condition and its main receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). As is generally the elderly, obese and type 2 diabetes with severe conditions encountered. On the other hand, exercise training modulates the immune system. During and after exercise, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are released and circulating lymphocytes increases. Exercise training reduces the incidence of disease, the severity of symptoms and mortality from viral infections. In this narrative review study, related articles from all databases including PubMed, ISI, Scopus and Google scholar were examined. Also, in the article search process, the keywords of Coronavirus, Covid-19, moderate-intensity exercise training, high-intensity exercise training and immune system were used. Various studies have reported suppression of the interferon type 1(IFN-I) response in COVID-19. In the severe disease conditions, storms of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lymphopenia occur. On the other hand, exercise training with moderate intensity strengthens the immune system and helps prevent infectious viral diseases. But high-intensity exercise training can have negative effects on the immune system, which reduces the function of the immune system and increases the risk of infectious diseases. Therefore, regular moderate-intensity exercise is considered as an aid tool for strengthening the immune system for coronavirus. More studies are needed on the role of exercise training on the immune system to against the coronavirus.

Background & Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is a non-glycosylated polypeptide produced by macrophages and involved in various physiological processes including glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on changes in serum levels of FGF1 and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic women. 22 diabetic women were randomly divided into control (n=10) and trained (n=12) groups. The trained group performed eight weeks of endurance training at intensity ranged from 65 to 80% of maximum heart rate for 30-45 minutes.  Blood samples were taken before the training protocol and 48 hours following the last exercise session. Serum FGF1 and plasma insulin were measured by ELISA technique and plasma glucose levels was measured by glucose oxidase method, and compared between the groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The relationship between variables was measured by Pearson correlation test. The results showed that endurance training significantly increases serum FGF1 levels (P<0.01) and decreases plasma insulin (P<0.01), glucose (P=0.01) and HOMA-IR (P<0.01). Meanwhile, a significant correlation was found between the changes in FGF1 with both plasma insulin (P=0.02) and insulin resistance (P=0.05) at the end of the study. 37.2% of serum HOMA IR changes could be predicted with the changes in FGF1 serum levels. In sum, the results showed that FGF1 could be effected by chronic endurance training and beneficial effects of endurance training in diabetes, at least in part, is mediated by changes in serum FGF1 levels.

It appears that exercise training and consumption of some supplementation can be effective in improving glucose homeostasis and blood lipids by increasing circulating level of adiponectin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) and Ursolic Acid (UA) supplementation on serum level of adiponectin and insulin in inactive overweight men.

This was a semi-experimental study that a total of 34 inactive overweight men (age: 23.35 ± 1.7 years old, weight: 75.64 ± 2.15 kg, body mass index: 29.2 ± 3.6 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in, and randomly assigned into three groups: RT + UA (n=12), RT + placebo (n=12), and UA (n=10). RT program included four upper body and four lower-body movements performed at 70-85% one-repetition maximum. Participants consumed 150 mg of UA along with every meal. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) test by SPSS.

Adiponectin was significantly increased in RT + UA and RT + placebo groups. On the other hand, the serum level of insulin was significantly decreased in these two groups. Changes of both serum adiponectin and insulin were significantly different between the RT + UA and RT + placebo (p<0.001 for both variables), RT + UA and placebo (p<0.001 for both variables), and RT + placebo and placebo groups (p<0.001 for both variables).

Resistance training with ursolic acid supplementation is likely to be more beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training with two different patterns on IL-15, severity of hepatic steatosis and lipid profile in obese or overweight women with fatty liver.

33 women with fatty liver were randomly divided to training groups and control. Combined training group 1 performed circular resistance training with aerobic interval training (2-5 intervals of 4 minutes, intensity of 70-75% of HRmax) and combined training 2 performed circular resistance training with high intensity interval training (8-13 intervals of 1 minutes, 85-95% HRmax) for 12 weeks. Tests and blood sampling were performed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Both types of combined trainings significantly reduced body fat percentage (P<0.001). Combined training 1 caused a significant reduction (P=0.008) and combined training 2 caused a non-significant reduction in the severity of hepatic steatosis (P=0.07). There was no significant difference in IL-15 levels between the combined training groups and the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in other indices and lipid profile (P>0.05).

According to the results, both patterns of combined training improved the severity of steatosis and body fat percentage independent of weight loss, and it did not cause a significant change in plasma IL-15 levels, it seems that a combination of resistance and aerobic interval training in the present study, can probably be used as an adjuvant non-pharmacological treatment to reduce the severity of hepatic steatosis and improve fatty liver patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of four weeks of incremental endurance training on Sarcolipin (SLN), FNDC5, and PGC1α protein levels in the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of adult male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 14 adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of control (n=7) and training (n=7). The training group performed endurance exercises for 4 weeks and 5 sessions per week, which included running at the intensity of 75 to 80% of the vo2max. In rat surgery, SOL and EDL muscles were extracted, followed by changes in SLN proteins, and intramuscular FNDC5 and PGC1α were measured by Western blotting technic. Data were statistically analyzed by independent t-test (P≤0.05).

The results of statistical analysis showed that four weeks of incremental endurance training caused significant changes in the amounts of SLN (P = 0.035), FNDC5 (P = 0.02), and PGC1α (P = 0.012) proteins. In the soleus muscle, compared to the control group. Also, in EDL muscle, significant changes were observed in the amounts of SLN (P = 0.01) and FNDC5 (P = 0.043) proteins in comparison with the control group, but in the changes of PGC1α protein in EDL muscle compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed (P = 0.17).

According to the parameters of the study, it seems that endurance exercise can increase the amount of proteins related to thermogenesis and metabolism.

Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine gland by secreting adipokines.In addition to regulating fat metabolism, these adipokines play an important role in physiological and pathological processes.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training with radio frequency(RF) on serum levels of hormone-sensitive lipase enzyme(HSL),leptin and lipid profiles in obese men.

In this semi-experimental study,60 young and obese men participated voluntarily in the present study and were randomly divided into 4 groups:aerobic training, RF, aerobic training-RF and control. Aerobic training included pedaling with a stationary bike and running on a treadmill with an intensity of 55 to 80% of the heart rate reserve and RF intervention with a frequency of 8 to 9 Hz(150 watts) was 3 days a week for 8 weeks.Fasting blood sample was taken from all subjects before and after intervention to evaluate HSL, leptin and lipid profile.Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of covariance at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the effect of training and the interaction of training with RF significantly reduced serum leptin, TC, TG, LDL and significantly increased serum HDL and HSL (p <0.05).The effect of RF significantly reduced serum TG (p <0.05).The strong effect size was related to the interaction of training with RF.

Therefore, based on the results, it is concluded that the interaction of 8 weeks of aerobic training and RF can be an effective factor in causing favorable changes in HSL,leptin and lipid profile of obese men.

Considering the worldwide obesity and its adverse effects on health, physical and mental condition of obese people and also the response of cytokines secretion in response to muscle contractions and their effect on reducing the percentage of fat and obesity, in this study the effect of two types of high intensity interval training on plasma interleukin-6 and irisin concentrations was observed in young overweight womenThis research is a quasi-experimental and laboratory study in which two types of high intensity interval training protocols were performed for 30 weeks on 30 available targeted samples (in 3 random groups, HIIT1, HIIT2 and control).Findings showed that the use of two types of high intensity interval training protocols of 4- phase and 8-phase on interleukin-6 levels in the post-test had significant changes compared to the pre-test (P<0.05) and reduced it, but in comparison between the two types of HIIT training No interleukin-6 levels were observed. Also, intense 4-phase and 8-phase high intensity interval training had significant effects on plasma irisin concentration in the post-test compared to the pre-test (P<0.05) and a significant increase was observed, but there was a difference between the two types of HIIT training. No significant levels were reported in irisin levels.In general, it can be said that according to the results obtained from the two protocols of intense intermittent exercise, 4-phase and 8-phase, had a positive and significant effect on plasma levels of interleukin-6 and irisin in overweight women and can play an effective role in weight loss in these people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of dry-land core stability training on trunk muscles endurance, swimming speed and upper extremity performance in young female swimmers.

In this study, 24 young female swimmers (15-18 years old) participated voluntarily and were randomly divided into control and training groups. Their core muscles endurance was assessed by McGill test, upper extremity performance was also evaluated by Y-balance tests, closed kinetic chain and athletic performance were measured by the speed and number of arm strokes at 50, 100, and 200 m swimming. Then, the training group participated in an 8-week core stability training program and the control group just engaged in routine swimming activities. At the end, the pre-tests were re-evaluated and on the bases of Shapiro-Wilk and Leven’s test results, Mann-Whitney U and ANCOVA tests for comparing groups, by SPSS23 software with a significant level of 0.05 were used.

After the training program, trunk muscle endurance tests (51% ), arm stroke in all distances 8.86%, 5/88% and 2.80%), swimming speed at 50 and 100 meters (8.98% and 6.78%), Y-balance test (10.03%, 5.74% and 5.80%) and closed kinetic chain test (21.07%) improved and they were significantly different (P˂0.05) and just swimming speed (0.93% progression) differences at 200 meters was not significant (P=0.335).

The results of the present study showed that the positive effects of applying core stability training program on improving athletic performance of young female swimmers especially in short and medium distances.

The aim of this study was to The role of Anvillea garcinii extract and exercise on liver and kidney factors in hypercholesterolemia rats.

35 of male winstar rats randomly divided into five groups of seven, including healthy control group (Con), control hypercholesterolemia (Hc), Anvillea garcinii extract at a dose of 100 mg / kg, (Ext), training group (E ), Extract-exercise (E-Ext). Endurance exercise for 8 weeks, for 30 minutes and three sessions per week, it was performed at a speed equivalent to 14-17 m / min. Then by biochemical auto-analyzer and by Kit test the amount of biochemical factors of renal and hepatic functions (level of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), BUN, Creatine, Albumin, Bilirubin and total protein were assayed. Statistical analysis used ANOVA test and Tukey test.

The results of statistical tests show that all factors (AST, ALT, BUN, Keratin, albumin, bilirubin and total protein) except ALP were significant in comparison between groups. The results of Tukey post hoc test showed that the amount of AST in the exercise-extract group was slightly higher than the control group, while ALT was significant. The results also showed that renal function (BUN, Creatine, albumin, bilirubin and total protein) in the exercise-extract group was significantly increased compared to the control of hypercholesterolemia.

Although the consumption of Anvillea garcinii extract along with exercise is effective on some factors, but its use should be controlled.